mirror of
https://github.com/borgbackup/borg.git
synced 2024-12-23 00:07:38 +00:00
5e3f2c04d5
borg1 needed this due to its transactional / rollback behaviour: if there was uncommitted stuff in the repo, next repo opening automatically rolled back to last commit. thus we needed checkpoint archives to reference chunks and commit the repo. borg2 does not do that anymore, unused chunks are only removed when the user invokes borg compact. thus, if a borg create gets interrupted, the user can just run borg create again and it will find some chunks are already in the repo, making progress even if borg create gets frequently interrupted.
216 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
216 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. include:: ../global.rst.inc
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.. highlight:: none
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Automated backups to a local hard drive
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=======================================
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This guide shows how to automate backups to a hard drive directly connected
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to your computer. If a backup hard drive is connected, backups are automatically
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started, and the drive shut-down and disconnected when they are done.
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This guide is written for a Linux-based operating system and makes use of
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systemd and udev.
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Overview
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--------
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An udev rule is created to trigger on the addition of block devices. The rule contains a tag
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that triggers systemd to start a oneshot service. The oneshot service executes a script in
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the standard systemd service environment, which automatically captures stdout/stderr and
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logs it to the journal.
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The script mounts the added block device, if it is a registered backup drive, and creates
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backups on it. When done, it optionally unmounts the file system and spins the drive down,
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so that it may be physically disconnected.
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Configuring the system
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----------------------
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First, create the ``/etc/backups`` directory (as root).
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All configuration goes into this directory.
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Find out the ID of the partition table of your backup disk (here assumed to be /dev/sdz):
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lsblk --fs -o +PTUUID /dev/sdz
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Then, create ``/etc/backups/40-backup.rules`` with the following content (all on one line)::
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ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="block", ENV{ID_PART_TABLE_UUID}=="<the PTUUID you just noted>", TAG+="systemd", ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS}="automatic-backup.service"
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The "systemd" tag in conjunction with the SYSTEMD_WANTS environment variable has systemd
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launch the "automatic-backup" service, which we will create next, as the
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``/etc/backups/automatic-backup.service`` file:
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.. code-block:: ini
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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ExecStart=/etc/backups/run.sh
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Now, create the main backup script, ``/etc/backups/run.sh``. Below is a template,
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modify it to suit your needs (e.g. more backup sets, dumping databases etc.).
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.. code-block:: bash
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#!/bin/bash -ue
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# The udev rule is not terribly accurate and may trigger our service before
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# the kernel has finished probing partitions. Sleep for a bit to ensure
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# the kernel is done.
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#
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# This can be avoided by using a more precise udev rule, e.g. matching
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# a specific hardware path and partition.
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sleep 5
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#
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# Script configuration
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#
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# The backup partition is mounted there
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MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/backup
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# This is the location of the Borg repository
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TARGET=$MOUNTPOINT/borg-backups/backup.borg
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# Archive name schema
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DATE=$(date --iso-8601)-$(hostname)
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# This is the file that will later contain UUIDs of registered backup drives
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DISKS=/etc/backups/backup.disks
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# Find whether the connected block device is a backup drive
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for uuid in $(lsblk --noheadings --list --output uuid)
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do
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if grep --quiet --fixed-strings $uuid $DISKS; then
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break
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fi
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uuid=
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done
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if [ ! $uuid ]; then
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echo "No backup disk found, exiting"
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exit 0
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fi
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echo "Disk $uuid is a backup disk"
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partition_path=/dev/disk/by-uuid/$uuid
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# Mount file system if not already done. This assumes that if something is already
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# mounted at $MOUNTPOINT, it is the backup drive. It won't find the drive if
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# it was mounted somewhere else.
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findmnt $MOUNTPOINT >/dev/null || mount $partition_path $MOUNTPOINT
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drive=$(lsblk --inverse --noheadings --list --paths --output name $partition_path | head --lines 1)
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echo "Drive path: $drive"
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#
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# Create backups
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#
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# Options for borg create
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BORG_OPTS="--stats --one-file-system --compression lz4"
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# Set BORG_PASSPHRASE or BORG_PASSCOMMAND somewhere around here, using export,
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# if encryption is used.
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# No one can answer if Borg asks these questions, it is better to just fail quickly
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# instead of hanging.
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export BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
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export BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
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# Log Borg version
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borg --version
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echo "Starting backup for $DATE"
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# This is just an example, change it however you see fit
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borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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--exclude root/.cache \
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--exclude var/lib/docker/devicemapper \
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$TARGET::$DATE-$$-system \
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/ /boot
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# /home is often a separate partition / file system.
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# Even if it isn't (add --exclude /home above), it probably makes sense
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# to have /home in a separate archive.
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borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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--exclude 'sh:home/*/.cache' \
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$TARGET::$DATE-$$-home \
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/home/
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echo "Completed backup for $DATE"
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# Just to be completely paranoid
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sync
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if [ -f /etc/backups/autoeject ]; then
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umount $MOUNTPOINT
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hdparm -Y $drive
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fi
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if [ -f /etc/backups/backup-suspend ]; then
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systemctl suspend
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fi
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Create the ``/etc/backups/autoeject`` file to have the script automatically eject the drive
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after creating the backup. Rename the file to something else (e.g. ``/etc/backups/autoeject-no``)
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when you want to do something with the drive after creating backups (e.g running check).
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Create the ``/etc/backups/backup-suspend`` file if the machine should suspend after completing
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the backup. Don't forget to disconnect the device physically before resuming,
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otherwise you'll enter a cycle. You can also add an option to power down instead.
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Create an empty ``/etc/backups/backup.disks`` file, you'll register your backup drives
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there.
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The last part is actually to enable the udev rules and services:
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.. code-block:: bash
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ln -s /etc/backups/40-backup.rules /etc/udev/rules.d/40-backup.rules
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ln -s /etc/backups/automatic-backup.service /etc/systemd/system/automatic-backup.service
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systemctl daemon-reload
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udevadm control --reload
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Adding backup hard drives
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-------------------------
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Connect your backup hard drive. Format it, if not done already.
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Find the UUID of the file system that backups should be stored on::
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lsblk -o+uuid,label
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Note the UUID into the ``/etc/backups/backup.disks`` file.
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Mount the drive to /mnt/backup.
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Initialize a Borg repository at the location indicated by ``TARGET``::
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borg init --encryption ... /mnt/backup/borg-backups/backup.borg
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Unmount and reconnect the drive, or manually start the ``automatic-backup`` service
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to start the first backup::
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systemctl start --no-block automatic-backup
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See backup logs using journalctl::
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journalctl -fu automatic-backup [-n number-of-lines]
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Security considerations
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-----------------------
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The script as shown above will mount any file system with an UUID listed in
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``/etc/backups/backup.disks``. The UUID check is a safety / annoyance-reduction
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mechanism to keep the script from blowing up whenever a random USB thumb drive is connected.
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It is not meant as a security mechanism. Mounting file systems and reading repository
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data exposes additional attack surfaces (kernel file system drivers,
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possibly user space services and Borg itself). On the other hand, someone
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standing right next to your computer can attempt a lot of attacks, most of which
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are easier to do than e.g. exploiting file systems (installing a physical key logger,
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DMA attacks, stealing the machine, ...).
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Borg ensures that backups are not created on random drives that "just happen"
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to contain a Borg repository. If an unknown unencrypted repository is encountered,
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then the script aborts (BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no).
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Backups are only created on hard drives that contain a Borg repository that is
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either known (by ID) to your machine or you are using encryption and the
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passphrase of the repository has to match the passphrase supplied to Borg.
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