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doc/Manual.md
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# User Manual
Thanks for using restic. This document will give you an overview of the basic
functionality provided by restic.
## Building restic
If you are using Mac OS X, you can install restic using the [homebrew](http://brew.sh/) packet manager:
If you are using Mac OS X, you can install restic using the
[homebrew](http://brew.sh/) packet manager:
```shell
$ brew tap restic/restic
$ brew install restic
```
$ brew tap restic/restic
$ brew install restic
If you are using Linux, BSD or Windows, the only way to install restic on your system right now is to compile it from source. restic is written in the Go programming language and you need at least Go version 1.3. See the [Getting started](https://golang.org/doc/install) guide of the Go project for instructions how to install Go.
On archlinux, there is a package called `restic-git` which can be installed from AUR, e.g. with `pacaur`:
$ pacaur -S restic-git
If you are using Linux, BSD or Windows, the only way to install restic on your
system right now is to compile it from source. restic is written in the Go
programming language and you need at least Go version 1.3. See the [Getting
started](https://golang.org/doc/install) guide of the Go project for
instructions how to install Go.
In order to build restic from source, execute the following steps:
```shell
$ git clone https://github.com/restic/restic
[...]
$ git clone https://github.com/restic/restic
[...]
$ cd restic
$ cd restic
$ go run build.go
[...]
```
$ go run build.go
Usage help is available:
```shell
$ ./restic --help
Usage:
restic [OPTIONS] <command>
$ ./restic --help
Usage:
restic [OPTIONS] <command>
Application Options:
-r, --repo= Repository directory to backup to/restore from
Application Options:
-r, --repo= Repository directory to backup to/restore from
Help Options:
-h, --help Show this help message
Help Options:
-h, --help Show this help message
Available commands:
backup save file/directory
cache manage cache
cat dump something
find find a file/directory
fsck check the repository
init create repository
key manage keys
list lists data
ls list files
restore restore a snapshot
snapshots show snapshots
version display version
```
Available commands:
backup save file/directory
cache manage cache
cat dump something
find find a file/directory
fsck check the repository
init create repository
key manage keys
list lists data
ls list files
restore restore a snapshot
snapshots show snapshots
version display version
Subcommand-specific help is there too:
Similar to programs such as `git`, restic has a number of sub-commands. You can
see these commands in the listing above. Each sub-command may have own
command-line options, and there is a help option for each command which lists
them, e.g. for the `backup` command:
```shell
$ ./restic backup --help
Usage:
restic [OPTIONS] backup DIR/FILE [DIR/FILE] [...]
$ ./restic backup --help
Usage:
restic [OPTIONS] backup DIR/FILE [DIR/FILE] [...]
The backup command creates a snapshot of a file or directory
The backup command creates a snapshot of a file or directory
Application Options:
-r, --repo= Repository directory to backup to/restore from
--cache-dir= Directory to use as a local cache
-q, --quiet Do not output comprehensive progress report (false)
--no-lock Do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos. (false)
Application Options:
-r, --repo= Repository directory to backup to/restore from
--cache-dir= Directory to use as a local cache
-q, --quiet Do not output comprehensive progress report (false)
--no-lock Do not lock the repo, this allows some operations on read-only repos. (false)
Help Options:
-h, --help Show this help message
Help Options:
-h, --help Show this help message
[backup command options]
-p, --parent= use this parent snapshot (default: last snapshot in repo that has the same target)
-f, --force Force re-reading the target. Overrides the "parent" flag
-e, --exclude= Exclude a pattern (can be specified multiple times)
```
[backup command options]
-p, --parent= use this parent snapshot (default: last snapshot in repo that has the same target)
-f, --force Force re-reading the target. Overrides the "parent" flag
-e, --exclude= Exclude a pattern (can be specified multiple times)
## Initialize a repository
First, we need to create a "repository". This is the place where your backups will be saved at.
First, we need to create a "repository". This is the place where your backups
will be saved at.
In order to create a repository at `/tmp/backup`, run the following command and enter the same password twice:
In order to create a repository at `/tmp/backup`, run the following command and
enter the same password twice:
```shell
$ restic init --repo /tmp/backup
enter password for new backend:
enter password again:
created restic backend 085b3c76b9 at /tmp/backup
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
```
$ restic init --repo /tmp/backup
enter password for new backend:
enter password again:
created restic backend 085b3c76b9 at /tmp/backup
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
Remembering your password is important! If you lose it, you won't be able to access data stored in the repository.
Remembering your password is important! If you lose it, you won't be able to
access data stored in the repository.
Attention, at the moment restic only supports real Windows console interaction. If you use emulation environments like
[MSYS2](https://msys2.github.io/) or [Cygwin](https://www.cygwin.com/), which use terminals like Mintty, rxvt,
you'll get an password error:
For automated backups, restic accepts the repository location in the
environment variable `RESTIC_REPOSITORY` and also the password in the variable
`RESTIC_PASSWORD`.
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup init
enter password for repository: unable to read password: Das Handle ist ungültig.
```
### Password prompt on Windows
You can workaround this by using a special tool called "winpty" (look [here](https://sourceforge.net/p/msys2/wiki/Porting/)
and [here](https://github.com/rprichard/winpty) for detail information).
At the moment, restic only supports the default Windows console interaction.
If you use emulation environments like [MSYS2](https://msys2.github.io/) or
[Cygwin](https://www.cygwin.com/), which use terminals like `Mintty` or `rxvt`,
you may get a password error:
```shell
# install winpty on MSYS2
$ pacman -S winpty
$ winpty restic -r /tmp/backup init
```
You can workaround this by using a special tool called `winpty` (look
[here](https://sourceforge.net/p/msys2/wiki/Porting/) and
[here](https://github.com/rprichard/winpty) for detail information). On MSYS2,
you can install `winpty` as follows:
For automated backups, restic accepts the repository location in the environment variable `RESTIC_REPOSITORY` and also the password in the variable `RESTIC_PASSWORD`.
$ pacman -S winpty
$ winpty restic -r /tmp/backup init
## Create a snapshot
Now we're ready to backup some data. The contents of a directory at a specific point in time is called a "snapshot" in restic. Run the following command and enter the repository password you chose above again:
Now we're ready to backup some data. The contents of a directory at a specific
point in time is called a "snapshot" in restic. Run the following command and
enter the repository password you chose above again:
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
enter password for repository:
scan [/home/user/work]
scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
[0:29] 100.00% 54.732 MiB/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:29, 54.47MiB/s
snapshot 40dc1520 saved
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work
enter password for repository:
scan [/home/user/work]
scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
[0:29] 100.00% 54.732 MiB/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:29, 54.47MiB/s
snapshot 40dc1520 saved
As you can see, restic created a backup of the directory and was pretty fast! The specific snapshot just created is identified by a sequence of hexadecimal characters, `40dc1520` in this case.
As you can see, restic created a backup of the directory and was pretty fast!
The specific snapshot just created is identified by a sequence of hexadecimal
characters, `40dc1520` in this case.
If you run the command again, restic will create another snapshot of your data, but this time it's even faster. This is deduplication at work!
If you run the command again, restic will create another snapshot of your data,
but this time it's even faster. This is de-duplication at work!
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/shared/work/web
enter password for repository:
using parent snapshot 40dc1520aa6a07b7b3ae561786770a01951245d2367241e71e9485f18ae8228c
scan [/home/user/work]
scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:00, 6572.38MiB/s
snapshot 79766175 saved
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/shared/work/web
enter password for repository:
using parent snapshot 40dc1520aa6a07b7b3ae561786770a01951245d2367241e71e9485f18ae8228c
scan [/home/user/work]
scanned 764 directories, 1816 files in 0:00
[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 1.582 GiB / 1.582 GiB 2580 / 2580 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:00, 6572.38MiB/s
snapshot 79766175 saved
You can even backup individual files in the same repository.
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt
scan [/tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt]
scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00
[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 220B / 220B 1 / 1 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:00, 0.03MiB/s
snapshot 31f7bd63 saved
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup backup ~/work.txt
scan [~/work.txt]
scanned 0 directories, 1 files in 0:00
[0:00] 100.00% 0B/s 220B / 220B 1 / 1 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:00, 0.03MiB/s
snapshot 31f7bd63 saved
In fact several hosts may use the same repository to backup directories and files leading to a greater deduplication.
In fact several hosts may use the same repository to backup directories and
files leading to a greater de-duplication.
## List all snapshots
Now, you can list all the snapshots stored in the repository:
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
enter password for repository:
ID Date Source Directory
----------------------------------------------------------------------
40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
enter password for repository:
ID Date Source Directory
----------------------------------------------------------------------
40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
## Restore a snapshot
Restoring a snapshot is as easy as it sounds, just use the following command to restore the contents of the latest snapshot to `/tmp/restore-work`:
Restoring a snapshot is as easy as it sounds, just use the following command to
restore the contents of the latest snapshot to `/tmp/restore-work`:
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work
enter password for repository:
restoring <Snapshot of [/home/user/work] at 2015-05-08 21:40:19.884408621 +0200 CEST> to /tmp/restore-work
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work
enter password for repository:
restoring <Snapshot of [/home/user/work] at 2015-05-08 21:40:19.884408621 +0200 CEST> to /tmp/restore-work
## Manage repository keys
The `key` command allows you to set multiple access keys or passwords per repository. In fact, you can use the `list`, `add`, `remove` and `passwd` sub-commands to manage these keys very precisely:
The `key` command allows you to set multiple access keys or passwords per
repository. In fact, you can use the `list`, `add`, `remove` and `passwd`
sub-commands to manage these keys very precisely:
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup key list
enter password for repository:
ID User Host Created
----------------------------------------------------------------------
*eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57
$ restic -r /tmp/backup key list
enter password for repository:
ID User Host Created
----------------------------------------------------------------------
*eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57
$ restic -r /tmp/backup key add
enter password for repository:
enter password for new key:
enter password again:
saved new key as <Key of username@kasimir, created on 2015-08-12 13:35:05.316831933 +0200 CEST>
$ restic -r /tmp/backup key add
enter password for repository:
enter password for new key:
enter password again:
saved new key as <Key of username@kasimir, created on 2015-08-12 13:35:05.316831933 +0200 CEST>
$ restic -r backup key list
enter password for repository:
ID User Host Created
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5c657874 username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:35:05
*eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57
```
$ restic -r backup key list
enter password for repository:
ID User Host Created
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5c657874 username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:35:05
*eb78040b username kasimir 2015-08-12 13:29:57
## Check integrity and consistency
Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard drive, or even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify your backup with the intention to make you restore malicious data:
Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard drive, or
even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify your backup with the
intention to make you restore malicious data:
```shell
$ sudo echo "boom" >> backup/index/d795ffa99a8ab8f8e42cec1f814df4e48b8f49129360fb57613df93739faee97
```
$ sudo echo "boom" >> backup/index/d795ffa99a8ab8f8e42cec1f814df4e48b8f49129360fb57613df93739faee97
In order to detect these things, it is a good idea to regularly use the `check` command to test whether everything is alright, your precious backup data is consistent and the integrity is unharmed:
In order to detect these things, it is a good idea to regularly use the `check`
command to test whether everything is alright, your precious backup data is
consistent and the integrity is unharmed:
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup check
Load indexes
ciphertext verification failed
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup check
Load indexes
ciphertext verification failed
Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above will yield the same error:
Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above will yield
the same error:
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work
Load indexes
ciphertext verification failed
```
$ restic -r /tmp/backup restore 79766175 --target ~/tmp/restore-work
Load indexes
ciphertext verification failed
## Mount a repository
Browsing your backup as a regular file system is also very easy. First, create a mount point such as `/mnt/restic` and then use the following command to serve the repository with FUSE:
Browsing your backup as a regular file system is also very easy. First, create
a mount point such as `/mnt/restic` and then use the following command to serve
the repository with FUSE:
```shell
$ mkdir /mnt/restic
$ restic -r /tmp/backup mount /mnt/restic
enter password for repository:
Now serving /tmp/backup at /tmp/restic
Don't forget to umount after quitting!
```
$ mkdir /mnt/restic
$ restic -r /tmp/backup mount /mnt/restic
enter password for repository:
Now serving /tmp/backup at /tmp/restic
Don't forget to umount after quitting!
Windows doesn't support FUSE directly. Projects like [dokan](http://dokan-dev.github.io/) try to fill the gap.
We haven't tested it yet, but we'd like to hear about your experience. For setup information see
Windows doesn't support FUSE directly. Projects like
[dokan](http://dokan-dev.github.io/) try to fill the gap. We haven't tested it
yet, but we'd like to hear about your experience. For setup information see
[dokan FUSE in dokan's wiki](https://github.com/dokan-dev/dokany/wiki/FUSE).
## Create an SFTP repository
In order to backup data via SFTP, you must first set up a server with SSH and let it know your public key. Passwordless login is really important since restic fails to connect to the repository if the server prompts for credentials.
In order to backup data via SFTP, you must first set up a server with SSH and
let it know your public key. Passwordless login is really important since
restic fails to connect to the repository if the server prompts for
credentials.
Once the server is configured, the setup of the SFTP repository can simply be achieved by changing the URL scheme in the `init` command:
Once the server is configured, the setup of the SFTP repository can simply be
achieved by changing the URL scheme in the `init` command:
```shell
$ restic -r sftp://user@host//tmp/backup init
enter password for new backend:
enter password again:
created restic backend f1c6108821 at sftp://user@host//tmp/backup
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
```
Yes, that's really two slash (`/`) characters after the host name, here the directory `/tmp/backup` on the server is meant. If you'd rather like to create a repository in the user's home directory on the server, use the location `sftp://user@host/foo/bar/repo`. In this case the directory is relative to the user's home directory: `foo/bar/repo`.
$ restic -r sftp://user@host//tmp/backup init
enter password for new backend:
enter password again:
created restic backend f1c6108821 at sftp://user@host//tmp/backup
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
Yes, that's really two slash (`/`) characters after the host name, here the
directory `/tmp/backup` on the server is meant. If you'd rather like to create
a repository in the user's home directory on the server, use the location
`sftp://user@host/foo/bar/repo`. In this case the directory is relative to the
user's home directory: `foo/bar/repo`.
## Create an Amazon S3 repository
Restic can backup data to any Amazon S3 bucket. However, in this case, changing the URL scheme is not enough since Amazon uses special security credentials to sign HTTP requests. By consequence, you must first setup the following environment variables with the credentials you obtained while creating the bucket.
```shell
$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<MY_ACCESS_KEY>
$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<MY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY>
```
$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=<MY_ACCESS_KEY>
$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=<MY_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY>
You can then easily initialize a repository that uses your Amazon S3 as a backend.
```shell
$ restic -r s3://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket_name init
enter password for new backend:
enter password again:
created restic backend eefee03bbd at s3://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket_name
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
```
$ restic -r s3://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket_name init
enter password for new backend:
enter password again:
created restic backend eefee03bbd at s3://s3.amazonaws.com/bucket_name
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access the repository.
Losing your password means that your data is irrecoverably lost.
For an S3-compatible repository without TLS available, use the alternative URI protocol `s3:http://server:port/bucket_name`.
For an S3-compatible repository without TLS available, use the alternative URI
protocol `s3:http://server:port/bucket_name`.
## Under the hood: Browse repository objects
@ -289,32 +296,29 @@ $ restic -r /tmp/backup list snapshots
d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c
```
The `find` command searches for a given [pattern](http://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match) in the repository.
The `find` command searches for a given
[pattern](http://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match) in the repository.
```
restic -r backup find test.txt
debug log file restic.log
debug enabled
enter password for repository:
found 1 matching entries in snapshot 196bc5760c909a7681647949e80e5448e276521489558525680acf1bd428af36
-rw-r--r-- 501 20 5 2015-08-26 14:09:57 +0200 CEST path/to/test.txt
```
$ restic -r backup find test.txt
debug log file restic.log
debug enabled
enter password for repository:
found 1 matching entries in snapshot 196bc5760c909a7681647949e80e5448e276521489558525680acf1bd428af36
-rw-r--r-- 501 20 5 2015-08-26 14:09:57 +0200 CEST path/to/test.txt
The `cat` command allows you to display the JSON representation of the objects or its raw content.
```shell
$ restic -r /tmp/backup cat snapshot d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c
enter password for repository:
{
"time": "2015-08-12T12:52:44.091448856+02:00",
"tree": "05cec17e8d3349f402576d02576a2971fc0d9f9776ce2f441c7010849c4ff5af",
"paths": [
"/home/user/work"
],
"hostname": "kasimir",
"username": "username",
"uid": 501,
"gid": 20
}
```
The `cat` command allows you to display the JSON representation of the objects
or its raw content.
$ restic -r /tmp/backup cat snapshot d369ccc7d126594950bf74f0a348d5d98d9e99f3215082eb69bf02dc9b3e464c
enter password for repository:
{
"time": "2015-08-12T12:52:44.091448856+02:00",
"tree": "05cec17e8d3349f402576d02576a2971fc0d9f9776ce2f441c7010849c4ff5af",
"paths": [
"/home/user/work"
],
"hostname": "kasimir",
"username": "username",
"uid": 501,
"gid": 20
}

7
doc/index.md
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Welcome to restic
=================
restic is backup program that is verify fast, secure and efficient.
![restic logo](logo/logo.svg)
restic is a backup program that is fast, efficient and secure. On the left you
can find an overview of the documentation. The project's homepage is
<https://restic.github.io>, the source code repository can be found on GitHub
at the URL <https://github.com/restic/restic>.