mirror of https://github.com/restic/restic.git
394 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
394 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
..
|
||
Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the structure is
|
||
determined from the succession of headings. However, this convention is used in Python’s
|
||
Style Guide for documenting which you may follow:
|
||
|
||
# with overline, for parts
|
||
* for chapters
|
||
= for sections
|
||
- for subsections
|
||
^ for subsubsections
|
||
" for paragraphs
|
||
|
||
|
||
#########################
|
||
Working with repositories
|
||
#########################
|
||
|
||
Listing all snapshots
|
||
=====================
|
||
|
||
Now, you can list all the snapshots stored in the repository:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots
|
||
enter password for repository:
|
||
ID Date Host Tags Directory
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
|
||
79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
|
||
bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
|
||
590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
|
||
9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
|
||
|
||
You can filter the listing by directory path:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --path="/srv"
|
||
enter password for repository:
|
||
ID Date Host Tags Directory
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
|
||
9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
|
||
|
||
Or filter by host:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --host luigi
|
||
enter password for repository:
|
||
ID Date Host Tags Directory
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
|
||
9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
|
||
|
||
Combining filters is also possible.
|
||
|
||
Furthermore you can group the output by the same filters (host, paths, tags):
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo snapshots --group-by host
|
||
|
||
enter password for repository:
|
||
snapshots for (host [kasimir])
|
||
ID Date Host Tags Directory
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
|
||
79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
|
||
2 snapshots
|
||
snapshots for (host [luigi])
|
||
ID Date Host Tags Directory
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
|
||
9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
|
||
2 snapshots
|
||
snapshots for (host [kazik])
|
||
ID Date Host Tags Directory
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
|
||
1 snapshots
|
||
|
||
|
||
Copying snapshots between repositories
|
||
======================================
|
||
|
||
In case you want to transfer snapshots between two repositories, for
|
||
example from a local to a remote repository, you can use the ``copy`` command:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo
|
||
repository d6504c63 opened successfully, password is correct
|
||
repository 3dd0878c opened successfully, password is correct
|
||
|
||
snapshot 410b18a2 of [/home/user/work] at 2020-06-09 23:15:57.305305 +0200 CEST)
|
||
copy started, this may take a while...
|
||
snapshot 7a746a07 saved
|
||
|
||
snapshot 4e5d5487 of [/home/user/work] at 2020-05-01 22:44:07.012113 +0200 CEST)
|
||
skipping snapshot 4e5d5487, was already copied to snapshot 50eb62b7
|
||
|
||
The example command copies all snapshots from the source repository
|
||
``/srv/restic-repo`` to the destination repository ``/srv/restic-repo-copy``.
|
||
Snapshots which have previously been copied between repositories will
|
||
be skipped by later copy runs.
|
||
|
||
.. important:: This process will have to both download (read) and upload (write)
|
||
the entire snapshot(s) due to the different encryption keys used in the
|
||
source and destination repository. This *may incur higher bandwidth usage
|
||
and costs* than expected during normal backup runs.
|
||
|
||
.. important:: The copying process does not re-chunk files, which may break
|
||
deduplication between the files copied and files already stored in the
|
||
destination repository. This means that copied files, which existed in
|
||
both the source and destination repository, *may occupy up to twice their
|
||
space* in the destination repository. See below for how to avoid this.
|
||
|
||
The source repository is specified with ``--from-repo`` or can be read
|
||
from a file specified via ``--from-repository-file``. Both of these options
|
||
can also be set as environment variables ``$RESTIC_FROM_REPOSITORY`` or
|
||
``$RESTIC_FROM_REPOSITORY_FILE``, respectively. For the destination repository
|
||
the password can be read from a file ``--from-password-file`` or from a command
|
||
``--from-password-command``.
|
||
Alternatively the environment variables ``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD_COMMAND`` and
|
||
``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD_FILE`` can be used. It is also possible to directly
|
||
pass the password via ``$RESTIC_FROM_PASSWORD``. The key which should be used
|
||
for decryption can be selected by passing its ID via the flag ``--from-key-hint``
|
||
or the environment variable ``$RESTIC_FROM_KEY_HINT``.
|
||
|
||
.. note:: In case the source and destination repository use the same backend,
|
||
the configuration options and environment variables used to configure the
|
||
backend may apply to both repositories – for example it might not be
|
||
possible to specify different accounts for the source and destination
|
||
repository. You can avoid this limitation by using the rclone backend
|
||
along with remotes which are configured in rclone.
|
||
|
||
.. _copy-filtering-snapshots:
|
||
|
||
Filtering snapshots to copy
|
||
---------------------------
|
||
|
||
The list of snapshots to copy can be filtered by host, path in the backup
|
||
and/or a comma-separated tag list:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo --host luigi --path /srv --tag foo,bar
|
||
|
||
It is also possible to explicitly specify the list of snapshots to copy, in
|
||
which case only these instead of all snapshots will be copied:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy copy --from-repo /srv/restic-repo 410b18a2 4e5d5487 latest
|
||
|
||
Ensuring deduplication for copied snapshots
|
||
-------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Even though the copy command can transfer snapshots between arbitrary repositories,
|
||
deduplication between snapshots from the source and destination repository may not work.
|
||
To ensure proper deduplication, both repositories have to use the same parameters for
|
||
splitting large files into smaller chunks, which requires additional setup steps. With
|
||
the same parameters restic will for both repositories split identical files into
|
||
identical chunks and therefore deduplication also works for snapshots copied between
|
||
these repositories.
|
||
|
||
The chunker parameters are generated once when creating a new (destination) repository.
|
||
That is for a copy destination repository we have to instruct restic to initialize it
|
||
using the same chunker parameters as the source repository:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo-copy init --from-repo /srv/restic-repo --copy-chunker-params
|
||
|
||
Note that it is not possible to change the chunker parameters of an existing repository.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Removing files from snapshots
|
||
=============================
|
||
|
||
Snapshots sometimes turn out to include more files that intended. Instead of
|
||
removing the snapshots entirely and running the corresponding backup commands
|
||
again (which is not always practical after the fact) it is possible to remove
|
||
the unwanted files from affected snapshots by rewriting them using the
|
||
``rewrite`` command:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo rewrite --exclude secret-file
|
||
repository c881945a opened (repository version 2) successfully, password is correct
|
||
|
||
snapshot 6160ddb2 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-06-12 16:01:28.406630608 +0200 CEST)
|
||
excluding /home/user/work/secret-file
|
||
saved new snapshot b6aee1ff
|
||
|
||
snapshot 4fbaf325 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-05-01 11:22:26.500093107 +0200 CEST)
|
||
|
||
modified 1 snapshots
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo rewrite --exclude secret-file 6160ddb2
|
||
repository c881945a opened (repository version 2) successfully, password is correct
|
||
|
||
snapshot 6160ddb2 of [/home/user/work] at 2022-06-12 16:01:28.406630608 +0200 CEST)
|
||
excluding /home/user/work/secret-file
|
||
new snapshot saved as b6aee1ff
|
||
|
||
modified 1 snapshots
|
||
|
||
The options ``--exclude``, ``--exclude-file``, ``--iexclude`` and
|
||
``--iexclude-file`` are supported. They behave the same way as for the backup
|
||
command, see :ref:`backup-excluding-files` for details.
|
||
|
||
It is possible to rewrite only a subset of snapshots by filtering them the same
|
||
way as for the ``copy`` command, see :ref:`copy-filtering-snapshots`.
|
||
|
||
By default, the ``rewrite`` command will keep the original snapshots and create
|
||
new ones for every snapshot which was modified during rewriting. The new
|
||
snapshots are marked with the tag ``rewrite`` to differentiate them from the
|
||
original, rewritten snapshots.
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, you can use the ``--forget`` option to immediately remove the
|
||
original snapshots. In this case, no tag is added to the new snapshots. Please
|
||
note that this only removes the snapshots and not the actual data stored in the
|
||
repository. Run the ``prune`` command afterwards to remove the now unreferenced
|
||
data (just like when having used the ``forget`` command).
|
||
|
||
In order to preview the changes which ``rewrite`` would make, you can use the
|
||
``--dry-run`` option. This will simulate the rewriting process without actually
|
||
modifying the repository. Instead restic will only print the actions it would
|
||
perform.
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. _checking-integrity:
|
||
|
||
Checking integrity and consistency
|
||
==================================
|
||
|
||
Imagine your repository is saved on a server that has a faulty hard
|
||
drive, or even worse, attackers get privileged access and modify the
|
||
files in your repository with the intention to make you restore
|
||
malicious data:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ echo "boom" > /srv/restic-repo/index/de30f3231ca2e6a59af4aa84216dfe2ef7339c549dc11b09b84000997b139628
|
||
|
||
Trying to restore a snapshot which has been modified as shown above
|
||
will yield an error:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo --no-cache restore c23e491f --target /tmp/restore-work
|
||
...
|
||
Fatal: unable to load index de30f323: load <index/de30f3231c>: invalid data returned
|
||
|
||
In order to detect these things before they become a problem, it's a
|
||
good idea to regularly use the ``check`` command to test whether your
|
||
repository is healthy and consistent, and that your precious backup
|
||
data is unharmed. There are two types of checks that can be performed:
|
||
|
||
- Structural consistency and integrity, e.g. snapshots, trees and pack files (default)
|
||
- Integrity of the actual data that you backed up (enabled with flags, see below)
|
||
|
||
To verify the structure of the repository, issue the ``check`` command.
|
||
If the repository is damaged like in the example above, ``check`` will
|
||
detect this and yield the same error as when you tried to restore:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check
|
||
...
|
||
load indexes
|
||
error: error loading index de30f323: load <index/de30f3231c>: invalid data returned
|
||
Fatal: LoadIndex returned errors
|
||
|
||
If the repository structure is intact, restic will show that no errors were found:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /src/restic-repo check
|
||
...
|
||
load indexes
|
||
check all packs
|
||
check snapshots, trees and blobs
|
||
no errors were found
|
||
|
||
By default, check creates a new temporary cache directory to verify that the
|
||
data stored in the repository is intact. To reuse the existing cache, you can
|
||
use the ``--with-cache`` flag.
|
||
|
||
If the cache directory is not explicitly set, then ``check`` creates its
|
||
temporary cache directory in the temporary directory, see :ref:`temporary_files`.
|
||
Otherwise, the specified cache directory is used, as described in :ref:`caching`.
|
||
|
||
By default, the ``check`` command does not verify that the actual pack files
|
||
on disk in the repository are unmodified, because doing so requires reading
|
||
a copy of every pack file in the repository. To tell restic to also verify the
|
||
integrity of the pack files in the repository, use the ``--read-data`` flag:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data
|
||
...
|
||
load indexes
|
||
check all packs
|
||
check snapshots, trees and blobs
|
||
read all data
|
||
[0:00] 100.00% 3 / 3 items
|
||
duration: 0:00
|
||
no errors were found
|
||
|
||
.. note:: Since ``--read-data`` has to download all pack files in the
|
||
repository, beware that it might incur higher bandwidth costs than usual
|
||
and also that it takes more time than the default ``check``.
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, use the ``--read-data-subset`` parameter to check only a subset
|
||
of the repository pack files at a time. It supports three ways to select a
|
||
subset. One selects a specific part of pack files, the second and third
|
||
selects a random subset of the pack files by the given percentage or size.
|
||
|
||
Use ``--read-data-subset=n/t`` to check a specific part of the repository pack
|
||
files at a time. The parameter takes two values, ``n`` and ``t``. When the check
|
||
command runs, all pack files in the repository are logically divided in ``t``
|
||
(roughly equal) groups, and only files that belong to group number ``n`` are
|
||
checked. For example, the following commands check all repository pack files
|
||
over 5 separate invocations:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=1/5
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=2/5
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=3/5
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=4/5
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=5/5
|
||
|
||
Use ``--read-data-subset=x%`` to check a randomly choosen subset of the
|
||
repository pack files. It takes one parameter, ``x``, the percentage of
|
||
pack files to check as an integer or floating point number. This will not
|
||
guarantee to cover all available pack files after sufficient runs, but it is
|
||
easy to automate checking a small subset of data after each backup. For a
|
||
floating point value the following command may be used:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=2.5%
|
||
|
||
When checking bigger subsets you most likely want to specify the percentage
|
||
as an integer:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10%
|
||
|
||
Use ``--read-data-subset=nS`` to check a randomly chosen subset of the
|
||
repository pack files. It takes one parameter, ``nS``, where 'n' is a whole
|
||
number representing file size and 'S' is the unit of file size (K/M/G/T) of
|
||
pack files to check. Behind the scenes, the specified size will be converted
|
||
to percentage of the total repository size. The behaviour of the check command
|
||
following this conversion will be the same as the percentage option above. For
|
||
a file size value the following command may be used:
|
||
|
||
.. code-block:: console
|
||
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=50M
|
||
$ restic -r /srv/restic-repo check --read-data-subset=10G
|
||
|
||
|
||
Upgrading the repository format version
|
||
=======================================
|
||
|
||
Repositories created using earlier restic versions use an older repository
|
||
format version and have to be upgraded to allow using all new features.
|
||
Upgrading must be done explicitly as a newer repository version increases the
|
||
minimum restic version required to access the repository. For example the
|
||
repository format version 2 is only readable using restic 0.14.0 or newer.
|
||
|
||
Upgrading to repository version 2 is a two step process: first run
|
||
``migrate upgrade_repo_v2`` which will check the repository integrity and
|
||
then upgrade the repository version. Repository problems must be corrected
|
||
before the migration will be possible. After the migration is complete, run
|
||
``prune`` to compress the repository metadata. To limit the amount of data
|
||
rewritten in at once, you can use the ``prune --max-repack-size size``
|
||
parameter, see :ref:`customize-pruning` for more details.
|
||
|
||
File contents stored in the repository will not be rewritten, data from new
|
||
backups will be compressed. Over time more and more of the repository will
|
||
be compressed. To speed up this process and compress all not yet compressed
|
||
data, you can run ``prune --repack-uncompressed``. When you plan to create
|
||
your backups with maximum compression, you should also add the
|
||
``--compression max`` flag to the prune command. For already backed up data,
|
||
the compression level cannot be changed later on.
|